the shrub layer

the productive middle storey — berries, windbreak, forage

hazelcorylus avellana

shrubfood crop · biomass · wildlife habitat3 relationships→

eldersambucus nigra

shrubwildlife habitat · food crop · medicinal3 relationships→

sea buckthornhippophae rhamnoides

shrubnitrogen fixer · windbreak · food crop2 relationships→

blackcurrantribes nigrum

shrubfood crop · pollinator forage3 relationships→

siberian pea shrubcaragana arborescens

shrubnitrogen fixer · windbreak · wildlife habitat3 relationships→

autumn oliveelaeagnus umbellata

shrubnitrogen fixer · wildlife habitat · food crop3 relationships→

raspberryrubus idaeus

shrubfood crop · pollinator forage · wildlife habitat3 relationships→

gooseberryribes uva-crispa

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat3 relationships→

redcurrantribes rubrum

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat3 relationships→

dog roserosa canina

shrubwildlife habitat · medicinal · windbreak3 relationships→

figficus carica

shrubfood crop2 relationships→

juneberryamelanchier alnifolia

shrubfood crop · pollinator forage · wildlife habitat2 relationships→

cornelian cherrycornus mas

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat · pollinator forage3 relationships→

kousa dogwoodcornus kousa

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat · pollinator forage4 relationships→

russian oliveelaeagnus angustifolia

shrubnitrogen fixer · windbreak · wildlife habitat4 relationships→

ebbinge's silverberryelaeagnus ×ebbingei

shrubnitrogen fixer · wildlife habitat · windbreak4 relationships→

guelder roseviburnum opulus

shrubwildlife habitat · pollinator forage · food crop4 relationships→

rugosa roserosa rugosa

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat · pollinator forage4 relationships→

barberryberberis ×stenophylla

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat · pollinator forage3 relationships→

oregon grapemahonia aquifolium

shrubfood crop · wildlife habitat · pollinator forage4 relationships→