the shrub layer

the productive middle storey — berries, windbreak, forage

shrub

hazel

corylus avellana

food cropbiomasswildlife habitat

part shade · moderate3 relationships

shrub

elder

sambucus nigra

wildlife habitatfood cropmedicinal+1

part shade · moist3 relationships

shrub

sea buckthorn

hippophae rhamnoides

nitrogen fixerwindbreakfood crop+1

full sun · dry2 relationships

shrub

blackcurrant

ribes nigrum

food croppollinator forage

part shade · moist3 relationships

shrub

siberian pea shrub

caragana arborescens

nitrogen fixerwindbreakwildlife habitat+1

full sun · dry3 relationships

shrub

autumn olive

elaeagnus umbellata

nitrogen fixerwildlife habitatfood crop+1

full sun · moderate3 relationships

shrub

raspberry

rubus idaeus

food croppollinator foragewildlife habitat

part shade · moist3 relationships

shrub

gooseberry

ribes uva-crispa

food cropwildlife habitat

part shade · moderate3 relationships

shrub

redcurrant

ribes rubrum

food cropwildlife habitat

part shade · moderate3 relationships

shrub

dog rose

rosa canina

wildlife habitatmedicinalwindbreak+1

full sun · moderate3 relationships

shrub

fig

ficus carica

food crop

full sun · dry2 relationships

shrub

juneberry

amelanchier alnifolia

food croppollinator foragewildlife habitat

part shade · moderate2 relationships

shrub

cornelian cherry

cornus mas

food cropwildlife habitatpollinator forage

part shade · moderate3 relationships

shrub

kousa dogwood

cornus kousa

food cropwildlife habitatpollinator forage

part shade · moderate4 relationships

shrub

russian olive

elaeagnus angustifolia

nitrogen fixerwindbreakwildlife habitat

full sun · dry4 relationships

shrub

ebbinge's silverberry

elaeagnus ×ebbingei

nitrogen fixerwildlife habitatwindbreak

part shade · moderate4 relationships

shrub

guelder rose

viburnum opulus

wildlife habitatpollinator foragefood crop

part shade · moist4 relationships

shrub

rugosa rose

rosa rugosa

food cropwildlife habitatpollinator forage

full sun · moderate4 relationships

shrub

barberry

berberis ×stenophylla

food cropwildlife habitatpollinator forage

full sun · dry3 relationships

shrub

oregon grape

mahonia aquifolium

food cropwildlife habitatpollinator forage

shade tolerant · moderate4 relationships